AFAIK the problem is that modern cheap IDE-to-USB adapters can only use LBA, while disks made before "large disks" became a real problem on PCs might not support LBA. There might be some other issues though, I would think that this mainly explains why disks smaller than 528M won't work, but maybe there were an interim period where LBA wasn't really a thing?
Since no-one have answered yet, I'm going off on a slight tangent and recommend a semi-modern PC. I.E. one that both can run a semi-modern OS and also still has regular IDE/PATA disk connectors. All these (afaik?) can use all IDE disks, including the oldest ones, and they can also do modern things like USB memory sticks, connect to a home network and so on.
If you use Linux, you can just use DD or even gnu CP to copy the contend of the disk to a raw image file. Afaik there are Windows ports of DD too. (If you happen to have a Mac to do this on, I would think it also comes with DD).