If the floppy disk itself is rated as double sided (DS), it is mostly safe to use both sides. However what you get is a "flippy", i.e. you have to flip the disk over to use the back side. Some people warn that by doing this, dirt particles caught in the wooly filter on the inside of the plastic jacket may come loose, scratching the surface as the disk will rotate backwards.
Many computers instead came with double sided floppy drives, so you could use both sides without the need to flip the disk over. Us owners of Commodore, Apple and Atari (among others) however needed to flip disks to use the maximum capacity. Later drives for those systems may also become double sided.
The notch is actually for write enable. If you tape it over, the drive should not be able to write to the disk, while you can still read what is stored. In some cases though, this notch may be overridden by a modified disk drive.
Lastly, you may have observed a small circular hole on the disk surface itself. It is called an index hole and is used by certain systems to sync the floppy disk. I don't know about the Apple, but I know the Commodore doesn't bother about the index hole, which is why flipping a disk actually works. On a single sided system which relies on the index hole, you would need to cut open a hole in the jacket near the hub ring to let the drive mechanism see the index hole even after the disk is flipped over.