Applying reverse polarity to a chip of any kind usually fries the chip and it draws excessive current and heats up.
The other connections on the chip could then be pulled high or low. For those connections that were outputs from the chip on the socket, these go to input circuits elsewhere, won't likely cause any harm, though computer wouldn't likely run in that condition.
For the socket pins that were inputs on the reversed chip, these come from outputs of other chips on the motherboard, and they could be forced low or forced high, though in most cases, that would be tolerated by those other chips for a while. Though pulling a line(output pin) hard to ground with a short is less risky than pulling it high to +5v, because generally TTL output stages in the chips are good at sinking current due to the transistor in the lower leg of the totem pole, and poor at sourcing current from their output pins. Cmos parts do it equally well in both directions because their output stage is symmetrical. Also, may chips are designed to tolerate shorted outputs, at least for some seconds/minutes.
A risky scenario would be say if one of the pins on the Dallas IC socket, was say connected to an open collector gate output elsewhere, and the reversed chip pulled that line hard high, then it could damage the transistor junction in the output stage of the open collector gate, or possibly another standard gate elsewhere.
Or another scenario, the reversed chip might have knocked out the +5V supply rail in that region so check that.
The short answer is it is possible it could have damaged another part on the mobo, but not too likely and more likely damaged the Dallas part.
