I set it up again today sort of step-by-step, and here's some clarification on the boot / 1801 thing.
1) When the 5150 is turned on WITHOUT the extender card installed, the following happens
a) with either of the two floppies in the drive: "Non-system disk or disk error"
b) with the drive doors opened: boots to BASIC.
2) When the 5150 is turned on WITH the extender card installed, but not hooked up to the 5161, then it immediately displays 1801 on the screen, thinks a bit with the 1801 still displayed, tries to boot off of the floppy drive but then displays the "Non-system disk or disk error" (and boots to BASIC when the A drive door is open). So it seems like the orphaned card is causing the 1801 error? It detects the card, but not the hard drive that the card leads it to expect is there, so it displays the error?
3) When the 5150 is turned on with the 5161 properly hooked up, and the A drive door open, it just boots to DOS. No error, though it does take about a minute or perhaps even longer to get there. I assume that that is normal. From the DOS prompt, I can then read the floppies in both A and B with a dir command, so it would seem that both floppy drives are functional. I haven't tried copying to nul which I vaguely recall is what I used to do eons ago if I was trying to test the integrity of files on a floppy; I imagine that would also test the ability of the drive to read all of the files on the disk. I've found that some of the stuff I remember from DOS (e.g. some of the DIR parameters) don't work on this version, so I'm always a bit reluctant to try anything that might not end well! One of the floppies has a copy of Procomm on it; the other appears to be either a boot disk or an attempt at one, as it has an autoexec.bat and a command.com on it. The command.com is dated 04/09/91, which seems rather newish compared to the age of the machine.
Modem7, I didn't yet try the drive parking commands that you wrote (thank you again for that. GREATLY appreciated!), as I know I'll have the machine on again. I'll give it a try sometime in the next day or two. I did check just to make sure that Debug was in the \DOS directory, and it is. I also looked in the \UTIL directory as well, and besides nu.com, there was also an xtree.exe (think I remember that from my previous life as showing the hard drive directory/subdirectory structure), and also a ship.exe. Is that a drive parking thing? It was time-stamped 4/4/86, 10:56 AM, for what that's worth. I do recall reading something about IBM's SHIPDISK causing trouble with drives, so I am a bit wary, though if this is a parking program, it seems to be a different one.