My initial guess was that you were missing dropper resistors and trying to feed digital RGB into an analogue set. However, even with the colour drive levels being way too high for SCART (feeding 5V/TTL into 1Vpp?) I would assume you'd still see some black in the areas where it's not coloured and the black level is at 0V.
Although maybe the sync level is also at TTL?
You could probably check for the presence of resistors by using a multimeter set to resistance mode, if you have one. You'd measure from the "red" pin on the DIN to the "red" pin on SCART, for instance. Very low ohms (< 50) would likely indicate no resistor at all, and you'd be looking for something in the 200-300 range for "yes, has a resistor." Although high-quality cables should have a coupling cap in series, so this could throw things off quite a bit.
You can also open the SCART head, though it's sometimes glued shut on cables.